Enkephalins

Tyr¹ residue

Tyr¹ phenol group

Phenylalanine at position 4

π-stacking

short pentapeptides

pentapeptide ligands

TM3

TM5

TM6

TM7

TM3/TM6 aromatic residues

ECL loops

Gi/o proteins

μ-opioid receptor (MOR)

δ-opioid receptor (DOR)

MOR/DOR

KOR

Plasma Membrane

Phosphatidylserine

Sphingolipids

Glycolipids

Glycoproteins

Signaling proteins

Actin cortex

Spectrin networks

Glycocalyx

Cytoskeletal anchoring

Cell–cell junction complexes

Control Region - Mitochondrial DNA

Heavy (H) strand

Light (L) strand

DNA synthesis

Transcription

Replication

CSB I

CSB II

CSB III

Termination-Associated Sequences (TAS)

Origin of Replication for the Heavy Strand (OH)

HSP (Heavy Strand Promoter)

LSP (Light Strand Promoter)

Promoters

D-loop

mtDNA copy number

Mitochondria

Phospholipid bilayer

Cardiolipin

Cytochrome c

Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins

Bcl-2 family proteins

Porins (VDAC – Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels)

Ribosomes

Apoptosis signaling factors

β-oxidation enzymes

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

NADH/FADH₂ production

Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)

Complex III (cytochrome bc1)

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)

TOM Complex (Translocase of the Outer Membrane)

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Cristae

Intermembrane Space (IMS)

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM)

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM)

Mitochondrial Matrix

Nucleus

linker DNA

Histones in

nuclear localization signals (NLS)

lamins (A, B, C)

Intermediate filament proteins

Transcription factors in

Outer Nuclear Membrane (ONM)

Inner Nuclear Membrane (INM)

transmembrane proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

ER lumen

cytoplasmic surface

Perinuclear Space

Nucleosome (Basic Unit)

Euchromatin

Heterochromatin

chromatin

nuclear lamina

LINC complexes

Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs)

nucleoporins

octagonal structure

Central transport channel

Cytoplasmic filaments

Nuclear basket

mRNA out

Ribosomal subunits out

gene regulation

nuclear organization

Nucleolus

rRNA transcription (by RNA polymerase I)

snRNP maturation

40S

60S

Ribosomal subunit assembly

Fibrillar center (FC)

Dense fibrillar component (DFC)

Granular component (GC)

Replication foci

DNA repair centers

Transcription factories (RNA polymerase clusters)

Cajal Bodies

PML Bodies

Speckles

Topologically associating domains (TADs)

Lamina-associated domains (LADs)

Chromosome Territories

Enzymes

Ribonuclease A

Lysozyme

Carbonic anhydrase

HIV-1 protease

Reverse transcriptase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

DNA polymerase III

RNA polymerase II

ATP synthase

CRISPR-Cas9

Ribosome

Simple Monomeric Enzymes

RNase A

Trypsin

Carbonic anhydrase

Superoxide dismutase

Hexokinase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Catalase

Urease

DNA polymerase I

Monomeric Enzymes With Cofactors

Carbonic anhydrase

Cytochrome c

Ferredoxin

Superoxide dismutase

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase

Catalase

Glucose oxidase

Nitric oxide synthase

DNA polymerase I

Homodimeric Enzymes (Two Identical Subunits)

Triosephosphate isomerase

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase

Alkaline phosphatase

HIV-1 protease

Glutathione reductase

Thymidylate synthase

Dihydrofolate reductase

Caspase-3

Cyclooxygenase-2

Nitric oxide synthase

Heterodimeric / Small Multimeric Enzymes

Tetrameric Allosteric Enzymes

Large Multisubunit Metabolic Complexes

Multi-Protein Replication/Transcription Enzymes