Interphase

G₁ Phase (Gap 1)

Cytoplasmic Growth

Organelle Duplication

RNA Synthesis

Protein Synthesis

Transcription Activation

Translation

Growth Factor Detection

Signal Transduction

Cyclin Synthesis

R-Point (Restriction Point)

DNA Damage Monitoring

p53

Repair Activation

NER (nucleotide excision repair)

BER (base excision repair)

S Phase (Synthesis)

Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)

MCM helicase

Helicase Activation

Single-Strand Binding

Replication Protein A (RPA)

RNA Primer Synthesis

Primase

DNA polymerase α complex

Leading Strand

DNA polymerase ε

Lagging Strand

Okazaki fragments

DNA polymerase δ

RNase H

FEN1

Gap Filling

DNA ligase I

Proofreading

Mismatch Repair

Replication Fork Dynamics

Checkpoint Surveillance

ATR Pathway

CHK1 pathway

Fork Convergence

Decatenation

Topoisomerase II

G₂ Phase (Gap 2)

Protein Synthesis

Organelle Synthesis

Organelle Maturation

Microtubule Network

Actin Network

Replication Verification

DNA repair pathways

mismatch repair (MMR)

double-strand break repair

Cyclin B Accumulation

Cyclin B-CDK1 complexes

Mitotic Entry Activation

G₂/M Checkpoint

ATM Proteins

ATR Proteins

p53

CHK1

CHK2

Spindle Pole Body Duplication

Centrosome Maturation

Nuclear lamina

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