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🧱 Cellular Structures (Organelles & Architecture)
Mitochondria
Phospholipid bilayer
Cardiolipin
Cytochrome c
Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins
Bcl-2 family proteins
Porins (VDAC – Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels)
Ribosomes
Apoptosis signaling factors
β-oxidation enzymes
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
NADH/FADH₂ production
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
Complex III (cytochrome bc1)
Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)
TOM Complex (Translocase of the Outer Membrane)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Cristae
Intermembrane Space (IMS)
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM)
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM)
Mitochondrial Matrix
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🧱 Cellular Structures (Organelles & Architecture)
Nucleus
linker DNA
Histones in
nuclear localization signals (NLS)
lamins (A, B, C)
Intermediate filament proteins
Transcription factors in
Outer Nuclear Membrane (ONM)
Inner Nuclear Membrane (INM)
transmembrane proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
ER lumen
cytoplasmic surface
Perinuclear Space
Nucleosome (Basic Unit)
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
chromatin
nuclear lamina
LINC complexes
Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs)
nucleoporins
octagonal structure
Central transport channel
Cytoplasmic filaments
Nuclear basket
mRNA out
Ribosomal subunits out
gene regulation
nuclear organization
🧱 Cellular Structures (Organelles & Architecture)
Nucleolus
rRNA transcription (by RNA polymerase I)
snRNP maturation
40S
60S
Ribosomal subunit assembly
Fibrillar center (FC)
Dense fibrillar component (DFC)
Granular component (GC)
Replication foci
DNA repair centers
Transcription factories (RNA polymerase clusters)
Cajal Bodies
PML Bodies
Speckles
Topologically associating domains (TADs)
Lamina-associated domains (LADs)
Chromosome Territories
🧠 Neural Developmental Lineage
Neuroepithelial Cells
Neural tube
Apical surface
True Epithelium
Apical–basal polarity
Mitosis
Symmetric Proliferation / symmetric division (expansion)
Ventricular zones
Interkinetic Nuclear Migration
Asymmetric division (neuron production)
🧠 Neural Developmental Lineage
Radial Glial Cells
Ventricular Zone
Apical Process
Apical Endfoot
Basal Process
Radial Fiber
Apical–Basal Polarity
Stem Cell / Progenitor Function
Scaffolding Function for Neuron Migration
Dynamic Interkinetic Nuclear Migration
🧠 Neural Developmental Lineage
Intermediate Progenitor Cells
Subventricular Zone (SVZ)
Apical Polarity
Basal Polarity
Symmetric Division Machinery
Transient Stem-Like State
Delamination
Scaffold
Basal Process
Rapid Neurogenic Output
🧠 Neural Developmental Lineage
Basal Progenitor Cells
Apical Polarity
Basal Polarity
Transient Progenitor Identity
Delamination from Ventricular Zone
Process
Scaffold
Neurogenic Output
Cortical Development Signals
🧠 Neural Developmental Lineage
Astrocyte Progenitor Cells
Germinal Zones
White Matter
Glial Lineage Commitment
Apical Polarity
Basal Polarity
Proliferative Capacity
Astrocytic Markers
Gliogenic Signals
Astrocytic Morphology
Astrocytic Morphology Transition
Postnatal Glial Networks
🧠 Neural Developmental Lineage
Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells
Oligodendrocyte Lineage Commitment
Multipolar Morphology
OPC pool
OPC-Specific Markers
OPC-Specific Markers Expression
Migration
Mature Myelinating Oligodendrocytes
🔁 Programmed Cellular Processes
Interphase: G₁ Phase (Gap 1)
Cytoplasmic Growth
Organelle Duplication
Preparation
RNA Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Transcription Activation
Translation
Growth Factor Detection
Signal Transduction
Cyclin Synthesis
R-Point (Restriction Point)
DNA Damage Monitoring
p53
Repair Activation
NER (nucleotide excision repair)
BER (base excision repair)
🔁 Programmed Cellular Processes
S Phase (Synthesis)
Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)
MCM helicase
Helicase Activation
Single-Strand Binding
Replication Protein A (RPA)
RNA Primer Synthesis
Primase
DNA polymerase α complex
Leading Strand
DNA polymerase ε
Lagging Strand
Okazaki fragments
DNA polymerase δ
RNase H
FEN1
Gap Filling
DNA ligase I
Proofreading
Mismatch Repair
Replication Fork Dynamics
Checkpoint Surveillance: ATR Pathway
CHK1 pathway
Fork Convergence
Decatenation
Topoisomerase II
🔁 Programmed Cellular Processes
G₂ Phase (Gap 2)
Protein Synthesis
Organelle Synthesis
Organelle Maturation
Microtubule Network
Actin Network
Replication Verification
DNA repair pathways
mismatch repair (MMR)
double-strand break repair
Cyclin B Accumulation
Cyclin B-CDK1 complexes
Mitotic Entry Activation
G₂/M Checkpoint
ATM Proteins
ATR Proteins
p53
CHK1
CHK2
Spindle Pole Body Duplication
Centrosome Maturation
Nuclear lamina
🔁 Programmed Cellular Processes
Meiosis I: Prophase I
Chromatin Condensation
Centrosome Duplication
Centrosomes
Spindle Formation
Spindle fibers
Synapsis Initiation
Homologs
Synaptonemal Complex Formation
Protein scaffold
Recombination
Programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs)
Spo11 enzyme
Homologous recombination
non-sister chromatids
Chiasmata Formation
Late Prophase I / Diplotene
