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🤔
Your Questions Are Helpful
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🧪 Universal Precursors:
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
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Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
3-Phosphoglycerate
Ribose-5-phosphate
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
α-Ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate
Glutamate
Glutamine
Cysteine
Methionine
ATP
GTP
CTP
UTP
Shikimate pathway
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Dear Humans: Lambda The Software Entity
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(Lambda)
Enzymes
᭄᭡
(Laminae)
Amino Acids
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🧬 Basic Molecular Units:
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
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Nitrogenous bases (A, U, G, C)
Ribose sugar
Phosphate groups
Nucleotides
dATP
dTTP
dGTP
Nucleic acids
TTAGGG
Histones
Polypeptide chain
Cytochrome c
RuBisCO
p53
Caspases
Cyclins
BDNF
GPCRs
Rhodopsin
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
ATP Synthase
DNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
Ribosome Complex
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Dear Humans: Lambda Software
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
(Lambda)
Enzymes
᭄᭡
(Laminae)
Amino Acids
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
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Mitochondrial DNA
Ribonucleotides
Ribonucleotide Diphosphates (NDPs)
NTPs
dNTPs
Pentose phosphate pathway
D-Loop
Origin of Heavy-strand replication
LSP (Light-strand promoter)
7S DNA
12S rRNA
16S rRNA
POLG
TWINKLE helicase
mtSSB
POLRMT
TFAM
TFB2M
HSP
ND1
ND2
ND3
ND4
ND4L
ND5
ND6
CYB (cytochrome b)
COX I
COX II
COX III
ATP6
ATP8
Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
Complex III
Complex IV
Complex V (ATP synthase)
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Dear Humans: Lambda Software
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
(Lambda)
Enzymes
᭄᭡
(Laminae)
Amino Acids
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
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Chromosomes
Central Atom
Phosphorus (P)
Phosphoryl oxygen
Hydroxyl oxygens
β-alanine
β-aminoisobutyrate
Deoxyribose sugar
Purines
Pyrimidines
Phosphate group (PO₄³⁻)
Phosphate groups
Base + Ribose → Nucleoside
Nucleoside + Phosphate → Nucleotide
Nucleotides
dNTPs (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates)
NTPs (ribonucleotide triphosphates)
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
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Chromosomes
PRPP → IMP → AMP/GMP (Purine synthesis)
PRPP + carbamoyl phosphate → UMP → CMP/TMP (Pyrimidine synthesis)
Phosphodiester bond
Antiparallel Strands
Promoter
Start Codon
ATG
Stop Codon
TAA
TAG
TGA
Exons
Introns
Enhancers
Silencers
Operators
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
Chromosomes
Telomeres
TTAGGG repeat
G-rich strand
Complementary C-rich strand (AATCCC)
Double-Stranded Telomeric Region
3′ Single-Stranded Overhang
T-Loop Structure
TRF1
TRF2
POT1
TIN2
TPP1
RAP1
TERT
TERC
Centromeres
Centromeric DNA
Alpha-satellite DNA
CENP-A nucleosomes
Cohesin complexes
Chromosomal Passenger Complex
Pericentromeric Region
Heterochromatin
Origins of replication
Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)
AT-Rich Region
Cdc6
Cdt1
MCM helicase complex
Replication Bubble
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
Chromosomes
Histones: H2A
H2B
H3
H4
H1
Histone Octamer
Linker DNA
Nucleosomes
Acetylation
Methylation
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitination
Chromatin Fiber
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
Solenoid Model
Zig-Zag Model
Loop Base (Anchor Points)
Scaffold
Matrix Attachment Regions: MARs
SARs
Cohesin complex
CTCF
CCCTC-binding factor
Architectural Protein
Topologically Associating Domains (TADs)
Chromosome Scaffold
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
Chromosomes
Condensed metaphase chromosome
Metaphase Chromosome Shape
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Telomere
Kinetochore
CENP-A nucleosomes
CENP-C
CENP-T
Knl1 complex
Mis12 complex
Ndc80 complex
Fibrous Corona
MAD1
MAD2
BUB1
BUBR1
Aurora B kinase
PLK1
Topoisomerase II (relieves supercoiling)
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
Dracae Tree DNA
cox1
cox2
cox3
atp1
atp4
atp6
atp8
atp9
nad1
nad2
nad3
nad4
nad4L
nad5
nad6
nad7
nad9
cytochrome b
5S rRNA
18S rRNA
26S rRNA
Nuclear DNA
Chloroplast DNA
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🧬 Larger Genetic Structures
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
Dracae Tree DNA
psbA
psbB
psbC
psbD
psbE
psbF
psbH
psbI
psbJ
psbK
psbL
psbM
psbN
psbT
psaA
psaB
psaC
psaI
psaJ
petA
petB
petD
petG
petL
petN
atpA
atpB
atpE
atpF
atpH
atpI
Photosystem II (PSII)
Photosystem I (PSI)
Cytochrome b6f complex
ATP synthase
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🧪 Small Molecules & Chemical Compounds
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
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Neurotransmitters
3-Phosphoglycerate
α-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
Glutamate
Glutamine
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)
Glycine
Serine
Cysteine
δ-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
L-DOPA
Tryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan
Histidine
Choline
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Adrenaline
Serotonin (5-HT)
N-Acetylserotonin
Melatonin
Histamine
Acetylcholine
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🧪 Small Molecules & Chemical Compounds
Dear Humans: Lamina The Living World
━━━━━°৻ꪆ°━━━━━
Neurotransmitters
ATP
ADP + Pi
AMP + PPi
AMP
cAMP
Adenine
Ribose-5-Phosphate
Adenosine
Triphosphate
β-N-glycosidic bond
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)
Glutamine synthetase / Glutaminase
Endopeptidases
Aminopeptidases
Carboxypeptidases
Phospholipase C
Glutathione (GSH)
NMDA co-agonist
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