᭡⃤
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Norepinephrine Receptors
7-transmembrane GPCR structure
Presynaptic autoreceptor domains
β → Gs → stimulates adenylyl cyclase → ↑ cAMP
α2 → Gi → inhibits adenylyl cyclase → ↓ cAMP
α1 → Gq → phospholipase C activation → IP₃/DAG → intracellular calcium rise
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🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Acetylcholine Receptors
nicotinic
muscarinic
Ionotropic (nAChR)
Metabotropic (mAChR)
cation-selective pore
Na⁺ influx and K⁺ efflux
Subunit: α
β
γ
δ
ε
Gi
Gq
Gs
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
D-Serine Receptors
resting potentials
NR1 subunit
NR2 subunits
glycine-binding modulatory site
ionotropic glutamate receptors
NMDARs
co-agonist of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs)
long-term potentiation (LTP)
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Adenosine Receptors
purine nucleoside
A1
A2A
A2B
A3
metabolic signal
tonic activation
cellular energy state
Heterodimerization
functional antagonism
modulators of neural tone
Neuroprotective
Anti-Excitotoxic
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
ATP Receptors
energy nucleotide
Trimeric
ionotropic
metabotropic GPCR
Desensitization Patterns
Pentameric nicotinic receptors
Tetrameric AMPA/NMDA receptors
P2X7
P2X Receptors
P2Y Receptors
purinergic receptor family
Microglia
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) sensors
IL-1β release
Inflammasome activation
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Endorphins (β-endorphin)
31–amino acid peptide
β-arrestin
ACTH
α-MSH
μ-opioid receptors
proteolytic processing
POMC
synaptic suppression
analgesia
Periaqueductal gray
Spinal cord dorsal horn
Limbic system
Endogenous Analgesic System
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Nitric Oxide
Ferrous state (Fe²⁺)
NO oxidation state
NO dissociation
GTP → cGMP
Prosthetic heme (Fe²⁺-protoporphyrin IX) group
Heme-Binding Domain
β-subunit H-NOX domain
Redox Sensitivity
Activation Kinetics
Soluble Cytoplasmic Localization
β subunit
α subunit
Heterodimeric Structure (α + β subunits)
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)
NO → sGC → directly synthesizes cGMP
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
C-terminal tyrosine–amide (Tyr36–NH₂)
DRY motif
serine/threonine clusters
TM3
TM5
TM6
TM7
intact N-terminal region
C-terminal fragments
PYY fragments
NPY(13–36)
PYY(3–36)
PP-fold C-terminal helix
36–amino acid peptide
PP-fold structure
large amphipathic helix–turn–helix peptide
ECL2
Intracellular Loop 3 (ICL3)
ICL3 amino acid motifs
Subtype-specific GRK phosphorylation
GRK phosphorylation profile
C-Terminal Tail Phosphorylation Pattern
distinct C-terminal tail sequence
TM6/TM7 Microarchitecture
binding pocket geometry
7TM bundle
rhodopsin-like
Gi/o proteins
GIRK channels
adenylyl cyclase
β-arrestin recruitment dynamics
High Affinity Nanomolar Binding
nM range affinity
Dimerization
homo- and heterodimers
presynaptic autoreceptor
hypothalamic nuclei
Y1 selectivity
BIBP 3226
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Somatostatin
disulfide bond
Phe⁷
Trp⁸
Lys⁹
Thr¹⁰
TM3
TM6
TM7
rigid cyclic core
disulfide-constrained loop
tetrapeptide core
Phe–Trp–Lys–Thr pharmacophore motif
Cyclic Peptide
phosphotyrosine phosphatases
SHP-1
SHP-2
MAPK signaling
cell cycle arrest
Alternative Splice Variants
SSTR2A
SSTR2B
Homo- and Heterodimerization
cross-family dimerization
Antiproliferative Signaling Mechanisms
SSTR1
SSTR2
SSTR1–5
SSTRs
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Tyr-sulfate
Trp–Met–Asp–Phe–NH₂ (C-terminal amidated tetrapeptide)
non-sulfated CCK
CCK peptide
C-terminal α-helical
sulfated peptide binding
peptide-binding site
sulfotyrosine-recognition pocket
ECL2
TM3
ECL3
TM6
TM7
TM5
TM7 cavity geometry
TM Domain Microarchitecture
differential selectivity
Gi/o
Gq coupling determinants
dual signaling capacity
phospholipase C and Ca²⁺
GRK-mediated phosphorylation
surface signaling
functional localization
CCK₁R
CCK₂R
devazepide
🧫 Proteins (Single Functional Macromolecules)
Enkephalins
Tyr¹ residue
Tyr¹ phenol group
Phenylalanine at position 4
π-stacking
short pentapeptides
pentapeptide ligands
TM3
TM5
TM6
TM7
TM3
TM6 aromatic residues
ECL loops
Gi/o proteins
μ-opioid receptor (MOR)
δ-opioid receptor (DOR)
MOR
DOR
KOR
🧱 Cellular Structures (Organelles & Architecture)
Plasma Membrane
Phosphatidylserine
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Signaling proteins
Actin cortex
Spectrin networks
Glycocalyx
Cytoskeletal anchoring
Cell–cell junction complexes
🧱 Cellular Structures (Organelles & Architecture)
Control Region - Mitochondrial DNA
Heavy (H) strand
Light (L) strand
DNA synthesis
Transcription
Replication
CSB I
CSB II
CSB III
Termination-Associated Sequences (TAS)
Origin of Replication for the Heavy Strand (OH)
HSP (Heavy Strand Promoter)
LSP (Light Strand Promoter)
Promoters
D-loop
